The poorly negotiated Paris Climate Agreement imposed unfair, impractical and unrealistic carbon reduction targets on the United States. And while some technologies make some emission reductions cheaper in some regions, Sachs says, "the assumption is not seen as a bankable general statement for the world." Ultimately, to be successful, the transition to clean energy must be planned and accelerated by policymakers, and for now, it doesn`t seem too optimistic: climate-denying politicians are succeeding not only in the United States, but also in countries like Australia and Brazil, where new President Jair Bolsonaro almost single-handedly threatens to make 2 degrees impossible. by burning tropical forests. We limit the release date to 2016 and above. Since the PA was finalised in December 2015, this ensures that the documents identified are relevant to the PA and not to previous climate agreements. We continue to exclude REDD+. This mechanism was in place long before the negotiations on the Palestinian Authority. Thus, we found that most REDD+ studies focused on projects that excluded PA and were not relevant to our analysis of PA effectiveness. Finally, we are aware that limiting ourselves to the Web of Science and Scopus platforms limits the completeness of our research by excluding grey literature. Our findings on existing research gaps should therefore be put into perspective by limiting ourselves to peer-reviewed research2 for this study.

Nevertheless, we affirm that the discovery of a gap in the peer-reviewed literature remains an important and valid result. The central element of the Palestinian Authority is the "engagement and review" mechanism, under which member states regularly submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) detailing their intention to take climate action for a given period of time. These "commitments" and their subsequent implementation are subject to review mechanisms aimed at pressuring states to achieve their promised contributions and promote more ambitious future commitments (Falkner 2016, Keohane and Oppenheimer 2016). NDCs should communicate efforts in the areas of mitigation, adaptation, financing, technology, capacity building and transparency (Articles 3 and 4, United Nations 2015, pp. 3-6). Ultimately, nations will do what they have the national political will to do. The Paris Agreement reflects, but cannot change, the fact that the collective will to fight climate change is sorely lacking. These are all real worries! But they all revolve around the fundamental truth that the only way to solve climate change is for individual countries, especially the largest emitters, to adopt policies and adopt technologies that reduce emissions. This, in turn, depends on politicians, engineers, scientists, activists and corporations. The lesson of the past 20 years is that UN negotiators have limited capacity to shape this dynamic.

They can push, but they can`t demand. The Paris Agreement is the first climate agreement to recognize this sobering reality and to try to work on it. The case of pessimism: But maybe that won`t happen! Some experts, such as Yale`s William Nordhaus, essentially view climate change as a free-rider problem. Moving away from fossil fuels is difficult and expensive, and countries will be reluctant to bear high costs if the benefits are spread around the world. Without some kind of external coercion, most countries probably won`t step up their game and make the radical changes needed to keep us somewhere close to 2°C. The report is published by the Universal Ecological Fund, a non-profit organization focused on providing accessible information on climate science in hopes of inspiring people to engage in climate action. The 2020 U.S. election will focus on climate change, Ripple says. "This is already the case." The climate solutions in the paper are not new, admits lead author William Ripple of Oregon State University.

But by listing the solutions as a series of six crucial steps, as well as "simple graphical indicators that show where we were 40 years ago and how things have changed," the authors hope they will be easily understood by everyone, Ripple says. The majority of the 2030 carbon reduction commitments made by 184 countries under the Paris Agreement are far from sufficient to keep global warming well below 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius). Some countries will not meet their commitments and some of the world`s largest carbon emitters will continue to increase their emissions, according to a group of world-class climate scientists. .